Wireless Communications.pdf (2.34 MB) Wireless Communications.pdf (2.34 MB)【資料名稱】：無線通信

【資料作者】：goldsmith

【資料日期】：2004

【資料語言】：英文

【資料格式】：PDF

【資料目錄和簡介】：

Contents
1 Overview of Wireless Communications 1
1.1 HistoryofWirelessCommunications .............................. 1
1.2 WirelessVision.......................................... 5
1.3 TechnicalIssues.......................................... 8
1.4 CurrentWirelessSystems .................................... 10
1.4.1 CellularTelephoneSystems ............................... 10
1.4.2 CordlessPhones ..................................... 14
1.4.3 WirelessLANs ...................................... 15
1.4.4 WideAreaWirelessDataServices ........................... 16
1.4.5 Fixed Wireless Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.6 PagingSystems...................................... 17
1.4.7 Satellite Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.8 Bluetooth......................................... 18
1.4.9 HomeRF ......................................... 19
1.4.10OtherWirelessSystemsandApplications ....................... 19
1.5 TheWirelessSpectrum ..................................... 20
1.5.1 MethodsforSpectrumAllocation............................ 20
1.5.2 SpectrumAllocationsforExistingSystems ...................... 20
1.6 Standards ............................................. 21
2 Path Loss and Shadowing 25
2.1 Radio Wave Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 Transmit and Receive Signal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Free-SpacePathLoss....................................... 29
2.4 RayTracing............................................ 30
2.4.1 Two-RayModel ..................................... 31
2.4.2 DielectricCanyon(Ten-RayModel).......................... 34
2.4.3 GeneralRayTracing................................... 35
2.5 SimplifiedPathLossModel ................................... 38
2.6 EmpiricalPathLossModels................................... 40
2.6.1 Okumura’sModel .................................... 40
2.6.2 HataModel........................................ 41
2.6.3 COST231ExtensiontoHataModel .......................... 41
2.6.4 Walfisch/BertoniModel ................................. 42
2.6.5 Piecewise Linear (Multi-Slope) Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6.6 Indoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
iii2.7 ShadowFading .......................................... 44
2.8 CombinedPathLossandShadowing.............................. 47
2.9 Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.10CellCoverageArea........................................ 48
3 Statistical Multipath Channel Models 63
3.1 Time-VaryingChannelImpulseResponse ........................... 63
3.2 Narrowbandfadingmodels ................................... 68
3.2.1 Autocorrelation,CrossCorrelation,andPowerSpectralDensity........... 69
3.2.2 EnvelopeandPowerDistributions ........................... 74
3.2.3 LevelCrossingRateandAverageFadeDuration ................... 76
3.2.4 FiniteStateMarkovModels............................... 78
3.3 WidebandFadingModels .................................... 79
3.3.1 PowerDelayProfile ................................... 82
3.3.2 CoherenceBandwidth .................................. 84
3.3.3 DopplerPowerSpectrumandChannelCoherenceTime ............... 86
3.3.4 Transforms for Autocorrelation and Scattering Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4 Discrete-TimeModel....................................... 88
3.5 Spatio-TemporalModels..................................... 89
4 Capacity of Wireless Channels 97
4.1 Introduction............................................ 97
4.2 CapacityinAWGN........................................ 98
4.3 CapacityofFlat-FadingChannels................................ 99
4.3.1 ChannelandSystemModel ............................... 99
4.3.2 NoChannelInformation................................. 100
4.3.3 ChannelDistributionInformation(CDI)Known ................... 101
4.3.4 Channel Side Information at Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.3.5 Channel Side Information at the Transmitter and Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.6 Capacity with Receiver Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.3.7 CapacityComparisons.................................. 111
4.4 CapacityofFrequency-SelectiveFadingChannels....................... 113
4.4.1 Time-InvariantChannels ................................ 113
4.4.2 Time-VaryingChannels ................................. 115
5 Digital Modulation and Detection 125
5.1 SignalSpaceAnalysis ...................................... 126
5.1.1 SignalandSystemModel ................................ 126
5.1.2 GeometricRepresentationofSignals .......................... 127
5.1.3 Receiver Structure and Sufficient Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.1.4 Decision Regions and the Maximum Likelihood Decision Criterion . . . . . . . . . 133
5.1.5 Error Probability and the Union Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.2 PassbandModulationPrinciples ................................ 140
5.3 AmplitudeandPhaseModulation ............................... 140
5.3.1 PulseAmplitudeModulation(MPAM)......................... 142
5.3.2 PhaseShiftKeying(MPSK) .............................. 143
5.3.3 QuadratureAmplitudeModulation(MQAM)..................... 1455.3.4 DifferentialModulation ................................. 146
5.3.5 ConstellationShaping .................................. 149
5.3.6 QuadratureOffset .................................... 150
5.4 FrequencyModulation...................................... 150
5.4.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) . . . . . . . . . 151
5.4.2 Continuous-PhaseFSK(CPFSK)............................ 152
5.4.3 NoncoherentDetectionofFSK ............................. 153
5.5 PulseShaping........................................... 154
5.6 SymbolSynchronizationandCarrierPhaseRecovery..................... 157
5.6.1 Receiver Structure with Phase and Timing Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.6.2 MaximumLikelihoodPhaseEstimation ........................ 159
5.6.3 Maximum-Likelihood Timing Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6 Performance of Digital Modulation over Wireless Channels 171
6.1 AWGNChannels ......................................... 171
6.1.1 Signal-to-NoisePowerRatioandBit/SymbolEnergy................. 171
6.1.2 Error Probability for BPSK and QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.1.3 Error Probability for MPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.1.4 Error Probability for MPAM and MQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.1.5 Error Probability for FSK and CPFSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.1.6 Error Probability Approximation for Coherent Modulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.1.7 Error Probability for Differential Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.2 Alternate Q FunctionRepresentation.............................. 180
6.3 Fading............................................... 180
6.3.1 Outage Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.3.2 Average Probability of Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.3.3 Moment Generating Function Approach to Average Error Probability . . . . . . . 184
6.3.4 Combined Outage and Average Error Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.4 DopplerSpread.......................................... 189
6.5 IntersymbolInterference..................................... 191
7Diversity 203
7.1 RealizationofIndependentFadingPaths............................ 203
7.2 DiversitySystemModel ..................................... 204
7.3 SelectionCombining ....................................... 206
7.4 ThresholdCombining ...................................... 208
7.5 MaximalRatioCombining.................................... 211
7.6 Equal-GainCombining...................................... 212
7.7 MomentGeneratingFunctionsinDiversityAnalysis ..................... 214
7.7.1 DiversityAnalysisforMRC............................... 214
7.7.2 DiversityAnalsysiforEGCandSC .......................... 218
7.7.3 Diversity Analysis for Noncoherent and Differentially Coherent Modulation . . . . 218
7.8 TransmitterDiversity ...................................... 2188 Coding for Wireless Channels 225
8.1 CodeDesignConsiderations................................... 225
8.2 LinearBlockCodes........................................ 226
8.2.1 BinaryLinearBlockCodes ............................... 227
8.2.2 GeneratorMatrix..................................... 228
8.2.3 ParityCheckMatrixandSyndromeTesting...................... 230
8.2.4 CyclicCodes ....................................... 231
8.2.5 HardDecisionDecoding(HDD)............................. 233
8.2.6 Probability of Error for HDD in AWGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8.2.7 CommonLinearBlockCodes .............................. 236
8.2.8 NonbinaryBlockCodes:theReedSolomonCode................... 237
8.2.9 BlockCodingandInterleavingforFadingChannels.................. 237
8.3 ConvolutionalCodes ....................................... 238
8.3.1 Code Characterization: Trellis Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.3.2 MaximumLikelihoodDecoding............................. 242
8.3.3 TheViterbiAlgorithm.................................. 244
8.3.4 DistanceProperties ................................... 245
8.3.5 StateDiagramsandTransferFunctions ........................ 246
8.3.6 Error Probability for Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.3.7 Convolutional Coding and Interleaving for Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.4 ConcatenatedCodes ....................................... 250
8.5 TurboCodes ........................................... 251
8.6 LowDensityParityCheckCodes ................................ 252
8.7 CodedModulation ........................................ 254
8.7.1 CodedModulationforAWGNChannels........................ 254
8.7.2 CodedModulationwithInterleavingforFadingChannels .............. 257
8.7.3 AdaptiveCodedModulation .............................. 257
8.8 UnequalErrorProtectionCodes ................................ 259
9 Adaptive Modulation 267
9.1 Introduction............................................ 267
9.2 SystemModel........................................... 268
9.3 Variable-RateVariable-PowerMQAM ............................. 270
9.4 ConstellationRestriction..................................... 273
9.4.1 OptimalAdaptation ................................... 273
9.4.2 SuboptimalPolicies ................................... 276
9.5 SimulationResults........................................ 277
9.6 ChannelEstimationErrorandDelay ............................. 279
9.7 CodingIssuesandCapacityRevisited ............................. 281
10 Multiple Antenna Systems 287
10.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
10.1.1 TheNarrowbandMultipleAntennaSystemModel.................. 287
10.1.2 Transmit Precoding and Receiver Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
10.1.3 Parallel Decomposition of the MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
10.1.4 MIMO Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
10.1.5Beamforming....................................... 29010.2Space-timecodes ......................................... 292
10.3SmartAntennas ......................................... 292
11 Equalization 299
11.1EqualizerTypes.......................................... 300
11.2FoldedSpectrumandISI-FreeTransmission.......................... 301
11.3LinearEqualizers......................................... 303
11.3.1ZeroForcing(ZF)Equalizers .............................. 304
11.3.2MinimumMeanSquareError(MMSE)Equalizer................... 305
11.4MaximumLikelihoodSequenceEstimation .......................... 307
11.5Decision-FeedbackEqualization................................. 308
11.6EqualizerTrainingandTracking ................................ 309
12 Multicarrier Modulation 315
12.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
12.2DiscreteImplementationofOFDM(DiscreteMultitone)................... 319
12.3FadingacrossSubcarriers .................................... 320
12.3.1FrequencyEqualization ................................. 320
12.3.2Precoding......................................... 320
12.3.3AdaptiveLoading .................................... 321
12.3.4CodingacrossSubchannels ............................... 322
13 Spread Spectrum and RAKE Receivers 327
13.1SpreadSpectrumModulation.................................. 327
13.2 Pseudorandom (PN) Sequences (Spreading Codes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
13.3DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum ............................... 330
13.4 RAKE receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
13.5 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
13.5.1 Spreading Codes for Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
13.5.2BroadcastChannels ................................... 335
13.5.3 Multiple Access Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
13.5.4MultiuserDetection ................................... 341
13.6Frequency-Hopping........................................ 341
14 Multiuser Systems 345
14.1 Multiuser Channels: Broadcast and Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
14.2 Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
14.2.1FrequencyDivision.................................... 346
14.2.2Time-Division....................................... 347
14.2.3Code-Division....................................... 347
14.2.4 StandardsDebate .................................... 348
14.3BroadcastChannelCapacityRegion .............................. 348
14.3.1TheAWGNBroadcastChannelModel......................... 349
14.3.2 Capacity Region in AWGN under TD, FD, and CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
14.3.3FadingBroadcastChannelCapacity .......................... 352
14.4 Multiple Access Channel Capacity Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
14.4.1 The AWGN Multiple Access Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35714.4.2 Fading Multiaccess Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
14.5 Random Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
14.6Scheduling............................................. 361
14.7 PowerControl .......................................... 362
15 Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-Based Wireless Networks 367
15.1CellularSystemDesign...................................... 368
15.2FrequencyReuseinCellularSystems.............................. 368
15.2.1FrequencyReuseinCode-DivisionSystems ...................... 368
15.2.2FrequencyReuseinTimeandFrequencyDivisionSystems ............. 369
15.3DynamicResourceAllocationinCellularSystems....................... 369
15.4AreaSpectralEfficiency ..................................... 371
15.5InterferenceModel ........................................ 372
15.5.1ReuseDistance,MulticellCapacity,andAreaEfficiency ............... 372
15.5.2EfficiencyCalculations.................................. 373
15.6PowerControlImpactonInterference ............................. 377
15.7InterferenceMitigation...................................... 379
16 Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks 383
16.0.1Applications ....................................... 386
16.0.2CrossLayerDesign.................................... 391
16.1LinkDesignIssues ........................................ 394
16.1.1 Fundamental Capacity Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
16.1.2Coding .......................................... 395
16.1.3MultipleAntennas .................................... 395
16.1.4Powercontrol....................................... 396
16.1.5AdaptiveResourceAllocation.............................. 396
16.2 Medium Access Control Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
16.3NetworkDesignIssues ...................................... 398
16.3.1NeighborDiscoveryandNetworkConnectivity .................... 398
16.4Routing .............................................. 399
16.4.1 Scalability and Distributed Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
16.4.2NetworkCapacity .................................... 401
16.5ApplicationDesignIssues .................................... 401
16.5.1AdaptiveQoS....................................... 401
16.5.2 Application Adaptation and Cross Layer Design Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402