【資料名稱】：Space-Time Coding

【資料作者】：Branka Vucetic,Jinhong Yuan

【資料日期】：2003

【資料語言】：英文

【資料格式】：PDF

【資料目錄和簡介】：

Contents
List of Acronyms xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xxiii
Preface xxv
1 Performance Limits of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless
Communication Systems 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 MIMOSystemModel ............................. 2
1.3 MIMOSystemCapacityDerivation...................... 4
1.4 MIMO Channel Capacity Derivation for Adaptive Transmit
PowerAllocation................................ 8
1.5 MIMO Capacity Examples for Channels with Fixed Coefficients . . . . . . 9
1.6 Capacity of MIMO Systems with Random Channel Coefficients . . . . . . 13
1.6.1 Capacity of MIMO Fast and Block Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . 14
1.6.2 Capacity of MIMO Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6.3 Capacity Examples for MIMO Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . 22
1.7 Effect of System Parameters and Antenna Correlation
ontheCapacityofMIMOChannels ..................... 25
1.7.1 Correlation Model for LOS MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.7.2 Correlation Model for a Rayleigh MIMO Fading Channel . . . . . . 30
1.7.3 Correlation Model for a Rician MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.7.4 Keyhole Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.7.5 MIMO Correlation Fading Channel Model with Transmit
and Receive Scatterers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.7.6 The Effect of System Parameters on the Keyhole Propagation . . . 41
2 Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis and Code Design 49
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2 FadingChannelModels ............................ 50
2.2.1 Multipath Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.2 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.3 Statistical Models for Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 Diversity .................................... 54
2.3.1 DiversityTechniques.......................... 54
2.3.2 Diversity Combining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.3 TransmitDiversity........................... 60
2.4 Space-Time Coded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5 Performance Analysis of Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.5.1 Error Probability on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.5.2 Error Probability on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.6 Space-Time Code Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.6.1 Code Design Criteria for Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . 75
2.6.2 Code Design Criteria for Fast Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . 78
2.6.3 Code Performance at Low to Medium SNR Ranges . . . . . . . . . 81
2.7 ExactEvaluationofCodePerformance .................... 82
3 Space-Time Block Codes 91
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2 Alamouti Space-Time Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.1 Alamouti Space-Time Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.2 Combining and Maximum Likelihood Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2.3 The Alamouti Scheme with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . 94
3.2.4 PerformanceoftheAlamoutiScheme................. 95
3.3 Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3.1 Space-Time Block Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.4 STBCforRealSignalConstellations ..................... 100
3.5 STBCforComplexSignalConstellations................... 103
3.6 DecodingofSTBC............................... 104
3.7 PerformanceofSTBC ............................. 108
3.8 Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.9 EffectofAntennaCorrelationonPerformance ................ 113
4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 117
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2 EncoderStructureforSTTC.......................... 117
4.2.1 GeneratorDescription ......................... 118
4.2.2 Generator Polynomial Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2.3 Example ................................ 121
4.3 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . 122
4.3.1 Optimal STTC Based on the Rank & Determinant Criteria . . . . . 123
4.3.2 OptimalSTTCBasedontheTraceCriterion............. 125
4.4 PerformanceEvaluationonSlowFadingChannels.............. 128
4.4.1 Performance of the Codes Based
ontheRank&DeterminantCriteria ................. 128
4.4.2 Performance of the Codes Based on the Trace Criterion . . . . . . . 131
4.4.3 Performance Comparison for Codes Based
onDifferentDesignCriteria...................... 131
4.4.4 The Effect of the Number of Transmit Antennas
onCodePerformance ......................... 135
4.4.5 The Effect of the Number of Receive Antennas
onCodePerformance ......................... 138
4.4.6 The Effect of Channel Correlation on Code Performance . . . . . . 139
4.4.7 The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation
onCodePerformance ......................... 139
4.5 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . 139
4.6 Performance Evaluation on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 149
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.1.1 ConstructionofRecursiveSTTC ................... 150
5.2 PerformanceofRecursiveSTTC........................ 152
5.3 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.4 DecodingAlgorithm .............................. 154
5.4.1 Decoder Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.5 STTurboTCPerformance........................... 160
5.5.1 ComparisonofSTTurboTCandSTTC ............... 161
5.5.2 Effect of Memory Order and Interleaver Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.5.3 EffectofNumberofIterations..................... 162
5.5.4 Effect of Component Code Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.5.5 DecoderEXITCharts ......................... 166
5.5.6 EffectofInterleaverType ....................... 166
5.5.7 Effect of Number of Transmit and Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . 167
5.5.8 EffectofAntennaCorrelation..................... 170
5.5.9 EffectofImperfectChannelEstimation................ 170
5.5.10 Performance on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6 Layered Space-Time Codes 185
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2 LST Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.3 LST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.3.1 QR Decomposition Interference Suppression Combined with Inter-
ferenceCancellation .......................... 191
6.3.2 Interference Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Suppression
Combined with Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.3.3 Iterative LST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3.4 An Iterative Receiver with PIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.5 An Iterative MMSE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.3.6 Comparison of the Iterative MMSE and the Iterative
PIC-DSC Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4 Comparison of Various LST Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.4.1 Comparison of HLST Architectures with Various Component Codes 213
7 Differential Space-Time Block Codes 223
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.2 Differential Coding for a Single Transmit Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.3 Differential STBC for Two Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.3.1 DifferentialEncoding ......................... 225
7.3.2 DifferentialDecoding ......................... 228
7.3.3 PerformanceSimulation ........................ 230
7.4 Differential STBC with Real Signal Constellations for Three
andFourTransmitAntennas.......................... 232
7.4.1 DifferentialEncoding ......................... 232
7.4.2 DifferentialDecoding ......................... 234
7.4.3 PerformanceSimulation ........................ 237
7.5 Differential STBC with Complex Signal Constellations for Three
andFourTransmitAntennas.......................... 237
7.5.1 DifferentialEncoding ......................... 237
7.5.2 DifferentialDecoding ......................... 238
7.5.3 PerformanceSimulation ........................ 239
7.6 Unitary Space-Time Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.7 UnitaryGroupCodes.............................. 242
8 Space-Time Coding for Wideband Systems 245
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.2 Performance of Space-Time Coding on Frequency-Selective
FadingChannels ................................ 245
8.2.1 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.2.2 PerformanceAnalysis ......................... 246
8.3 STCinWidebandOFDMSystems ...................... 249
8.3.1 OFDMTechnique ........................... 249
8.3.2 STC-OFDMSystems.......................... 251
8.4 CapacityofSTC-OFDMSystems ....................... 254
8.5 PerformanceAnalysisofSTC-OFDMSystems................ 255
8.6 PerformanceEvaluationofSTC-OFDMSystems............... 258
8.6.1 Performance on A Single-Path Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.6.2 The Effect of The Interleavers on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.6.3 The Effect of Symbol-Wise Hamming Distance
onPerformance............................. 259
8.6.4 The Effect of The Number of Paths on Performance . . . . . . . . . 260
8.7 Performance of Concatenated Space-Time Codes
OverOFDMSystems.............................. 261
8.7.1 Concatenated RS-STC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.7.2 Concatenated CONV-STC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.7.3 STTurboTCoverOFDMSystems.................. 262
8.8 TransmitDiversitySchemesinCDMASystems ............... 264
8.8.1 SystemModel ............................. 264
8.8.2 Open-Loop Transmit Diversity for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.8.3 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.8.4 Time-Switched Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (TS-OTD) . . . . . . 267
8.8.5 Space-Time Spreading (STS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.8.6 STSforThreeandFourAntennas................... 270
8.9 Space-Time Coding for CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.10PerformanceofSTTCinCDMASystems................... 274
8.10.1 Space-Time Matched Filter Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
8.10.2 Space-Time MMSE Multiuser Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.10.3 Space-Time Iterative MMSE Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.10.4 PerformanceSimulations........................ 282
8.11 Performance of Layered STC in CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Index 297