【資料名稱】：LTE RF Planning Guide

【資料作者】：Motorola

【資料日期】：2011

【資料語言】：英文

【資料格式】：PDF

【資料目錄和簡介】：

LTE RF Planning Guideline

Table of Contents
1. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE............................................. .............................. 21
1.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................. .................................... 21
1.2. DOCUMENT SCOPE .................................................. ................................ 22
1.3. QUICK GUIDE TO CONTENTS.......................................... ........................... 22
2. LTE AIR INTERFACE OVERVIEW AND BASIC SPECTRUM PLANNING........ 24
2.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................. .................................... 24
2.2. AIR INTERFACE OVERVIEW .................................................. .................... 24
2.2.1. OFDMA .................................................. ............................................. 24
2.2.2. Number of Subcarriers ................................................ ........................... 24
2.2.3. Symbol Size .................................................. ....................................... 25
2.2.4. Subcarrier Types .................................................. ................................. 26
2.2.5. Frames .................................................. ............................................ . 26
2.2.5.1. FDD - Type 1 Frame............................................. ................................ 27
2.2.5.2. TDD - Type 2 Frame............................................. ................................ 29
2.2.5.3. FDD-TDD Frame Summary .................................................. ................ 31
2.2.6. UL Allocation (SC-FDMA)............................................. ............................ 32
2.2.7. Modulation Techniques .................................................. .......................... 33
2.2.8. Error Correction........................................ ................................................ 33
2.2.9. LTE Overview Summary........................................... ................................ 33
2.3. BASIC SPECTRUM PLANNING .................................................. ..................... 34
2.3.1. Operating Bands .................................................. .................................... 34
2.3.2. Channel Bandwidths........................................ ......................................... 36
2.3.3. Channel Spacing .................................................. .................................... 38
2.3.4. Guard Band Considerations .................................................. ................... 41
2.3.5. Additional Spectrum Information .................................................. ............ 42
2.3.5.1. United States .................................................. ................................... 42
2.3.5.2. Outside of the United States............................................ ..................... 47
2.4. REFERENCES .................................................. ................................................. 48
3. RF LINK BUDGET............................................ ............................................... 49
3.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................. ............................................ 49
3.2. LTE RF LINK BUDGET............................................ ..................................... 52
3.2.1. Effective Radiated Power .................................................. ....................... 53
3.2.1.1. Transmit RF Power............................................. .................................. 54
3.2.1.2. Transmit Diversity Gain .................................................. ...................... 54
3.2.1.3. Tx RF Line Loss.............................................. ...................................... 54
3.2.1.4. Transmit Antenna Gain.............................................. ........................... 56
3.2.1.5. Transmit Adaptive Array Gain.............................................. ................. 57
3.2.2. Effective Receiver Faded Sensitivity .................................................. ...... 58
3.2.2.1. Thermal Noise .................................................. .................................... 59
3.2.2.2. Subcarrier .................................................. ........................................... 59
3.2.2.3. Noise Figure .................................................. ....................................... 60
3.2.2.4. Ambient Noise .................................................. .................................... 63
3.2.2.5. SNR............................................... ................................................ ..... 63
3.2.2.6. Implementation Margin .................................................. ....................... 65
3.2.2.7. Fast Fading............................................ ............................................... 66
3.2.2.8. Receive Diversity Gain .................................................. ....................... 67
3.2.2.9. HARQ Gain.............................................. ............................................. 68
3.2.2.10. Receive Antenna Gain.............................................. .......................... 69
3.2.2.11. Rx RF Line Loss .................................................. ............................... 69
3.2.3. System Gain.............................................. ............................................... 70
3.2.3.1. Building Loss .................................................. ...................................... 70
3.2.3.2. Vehicle Loss .................................................. ....................................... 81
3.2.3.3. Body Loss.............................................. ............................................... 81
3.2.3.4. Foliage Loss .................................................. ....................................... 82
3.2.3.5. Interference Margin............................................ ................................... 83
3.2.3.6. Log Normal Margin .................................................. ............................. 84
3.2.3.7. Maximum Allowable Pathloss .................................................. ............. 90
3.3. LIMITING RF LINK.............................................. ......................................... 90
3.4. SUBSCRIBER TYPES............................................. ....................................... 91
3.4.1. Fixed versus Mobile............................................ ...................................... 91
3.5. BASE STATION TYPES .................................................. .............................. 92
3.5.1. Remote Radio Head.............................................. ................................... 93
3.5.2. Frame Based............................................. ............................................... 94
3.6. REFERENCE .................................................. ........................................... . 95
3.6.1. Watts to dB Conversion........................................ .................................... 95
3.6.2. Log-Normal Fade Margin............................................ .............................. 96
4. RF PROPAGATION MODELS .................................................. ......................... 97
4.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................. ...................................... 97
4.2. FREE SPACE .................................................. ........................................... 98
4.3. HATA .................................................. ......................................... ......... 100
4.3.1. Model Equations......................................... ............................................ 100
4.3.2. Example .................................................. ............................................. 101
4.3.3. References .................................................. ......................................... 102
4.4. COST-231 HATA .................................................. .................................... 102
4.4.1. Model Equations......................................... ............................................ 103
4.4.2. Example .................................................. ............................................. 104
4.4.3. References .................................................. ......................................... 104
4.5. ERCEG-GREENSTEIN........................................ .......................................... 105
4.5.1. Model Equations......................................... ............................................ 105
4.5.2. Example .................................................. ............................................. 106
4.5.3. References .................................................. ......................................... 107
4.6. COMPARISON OF MODELS ............................................ ............................. 107
4.7. SEMI-DETERMINISTIC MODELS....................................... ............................. 110
4.8. RAY TRACING MODEL....................................... ......................................... 114
4.9. FACTORS IMPACTING PROPAGATION MODELS ............................................ . 114
4.9.1. Frequency ................................................. ............................................ 114
4.9.2. Antenna Heights........................................... .......................................... 116
4.10. LIMITATIONS TO COVERAGE ......................................... ........................... 120
4.10.1. PRACH Constraints....................................... ......................................... 120
4.10.2. Preamble Generation .................................................. ........................... 121
4.10.3. Uplink - Downlink Frame Timing............................................ ................. 123
5. LTE CAPACITY.................................... .................................................. .... 125
5.1. LTE FRAME STRUCTURES ............................................ ............................. 125
5.1.1. FDD Frame Structure .................................................. ........................... 125
5.1.2. TDD LTE Frame Structure......................................... ............................. 128
5.2. LAYER 1 OVERHEADS.................................. ............................................. 129
5.2.1. Downlink Throughput........................................ ...................................... 131
5.2.2. Uplink Throughput .................................................. ................................ 140
5.2.3. TDD Capacity .................................................. ....................................... 144
5.2.4. Other Overhead Messages .................................................. .................. 146
5.3. PEAK INSTANTANEOUS THROUGHPUT .......................................... ............. 149
5.4. MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE THROUGHPUT & RETRANSMISSIONS ......................... 151
5.5. CAPACITY AND MPR AND CINR DISTRIBUTIONS.................................. ........... 152
5.6. MAC SCHEDULER...................................... .................................................. 153
5.7. REFERENCE CAPACITY FIGURES .............................................. .................... 156
5.8 ANTENNA SCHEMES ............................................. ...................................... 161
5.9. SYSTEM SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY (BPS/HZ).......................................... .......... 165
5.10. WORKLOAD MODELING................................... .......................................... 166
5.11. REFERENCES .................................................. ............................................... 167
6. RF ANTENNA SYSTEMS .................................................. .............................. 168
6.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................... ............................................. 168
6.2. ANTENNA PARAMETERS.................................. ........................................... 169
6.2.1. Antenna Gain .................................................. ....................................... 169
6.2.2. Physical Size .................................................. ........................................ 170
6.2.3. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio............................................. .................... 170
6.2.4. Power Rating............................................ .............................................. 171
6.2.5. Antenna Polarization .................................................. ............................ 171
6.2.6. Antenna Beamwidth .................................................. ............................. 171
6.2.7. Front to Back Ratio............................................. .................................... 173
6.2.8. Side and Back Lobes............................................. ................................. 174
6.2.9. Downtilt...................................... .................................................. ....... 175
6.2.10. CPE Antenna Variations........................................ ................................. 184
6.3. SMART ANTENNAS ............................................ ........................................ 185
7. FREQUENCY REUSE .................................................. ................................... 186
7.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................... ............................................. 186
7.1.1. Resource Block Group Reuse Sub-Pattern ............................................ 186
7.2. REUSE PATTERNS.................................... ................................................. 187
7.2.1. 1x3x1........................................ .................................................. ....... 187
7.2.2. 1x3x3......................................... .................................................. ....... 188
7.3. CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE PLUS NOISE RATIO ............................................ 190
7.4. LTE METHODS FOR REDUCING LOW CINR IMPACT ........................................ 191
7.4.1. Resource Block Group Assignments....................................... ............... 191
7.4.2. Frequency Selective Scheduling .................................................. .......... 191
7.4.3. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) ............................................. 191
7.5. METHODS TO REDUCE CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE .................................... 193
8. INTER SYSTEM INTERFERENCE...................................... ............................ 195
8.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................... ............................................. 195
8.1.1. Background .............................................. .......................................... 195
8.1.2. Controlling Inter-System Interference...................................... ............... 196
8.1.3. Interference Mechanism: OOBE and Overload ...................................... 196
8.1.4. Coexistence with WiMAX .................................................. ..................... 197
8.2. REFERENCES ........................................... ............................................... 203
9. INTER-TECHNOLOGY ANTENNA SHARING........................................... ...... 204
9.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................... ............................................. 204
9.2. INTER-MODULATION........................................ ................................................. 206
9.2.1. Nonlinear Junctions .................................................. .............................. 207
9.2.2. Harmonics ............................................... ............................................ 207
9.2.3. Inter-modulation mixing products .................................................. ......... 208
9.3. GATHERING CUSTOMER INFORMATION............................... ....................... 211
9.3.1. Legacy Technology Configuration .................................................. ........ 212
9.3.2. LTE Requirements...................................... ............................................ 212
9.4. DETERMINE GEOGRAPHICAL REGION...................................... .................... 213
9.4.1. EMEA – Europe-Middle East - Africa............................................ .......... 213
9.4.2. NA/SA – North America – South America .............................................. 214
9.4.3. APAC – Asia - Pacific .................................................. ........................... 214
9.4.4. Antenna Sharing Configuration Repository ............................................ 215
9.5. INTER-SYSTEM FREQUENCY COMPATIBILITY ......................................... .... 215
9.5.1. Known Potential Frequency Conflicts .................................................. ... 216
9.5.1.1. Between LTE Upper 700 MHz (E-UTRA Band 12) and Lower 700 MHz
(E-UTRA Band 14) ............................................. ........................................... 216
9.5.1.2. Between 850 MHz Cellular (E-UTRA Band 5) and AWS (E-UTRA Band
4) 216
9.5.1.3. Between PCS Bands (E-UTRA Band 2) and AWS (E-UTRA Band 4) 216
9.5.1.4. Between a Legacy system and LTE within certain PCS blocks .......... 217
9.6. SELECTING OPTIMAL ANTENNA SHARING GOALS....................................... .. 217
9.7. RE-MINING SPECTRUM ........................................... .................................. 218
9.7.1. Separate Base Station Transmitters...................................... ................. 218
9.7.2. Common Base Station Equipment .................................................. ....... 219
9.8. TDD WITH FDD............................................... ........................................ 221
9.9. FINE TUNING ANTENNA CONFIGURATIONS............................. ..................... 222
9.9.1. Tower Top Amplifiers........................................ ...................................... 222
9.9.2. Antenna Downtilt ............................................... .................................. 223
9.10. TECHNICAL COMPATIBILITY TOPICS FOR REFERENCE.................................... 224
9.10.1. Combining Loss.............................................. ........................................ 224
9.10.2. Guard Bands .............................................. ........................................ 224
9.10.3. Duo-Band / Wide Band Antennas.......................................... ................. 224
9.10.4. Splitters / Combiners / Filters .................................................. ............... 225
9.10.5. Transmit Sideband Noise .................................................. ..................... 225
10. OTHER RF RELATED PLANNING ITEMS .................................................. .... 227
10.1. PHYSICAL CELL IDENTITY.................................. ....................................... 227
10.2. ROOT SEQUENCE .................................................. .................................. 228