【資料名稱】：an introduction to lte LTE, LTE-ADVANCED, SAE

【資料作者】：Christopher Cox

【資料日期】：2012

【資料語言】：英文

【資料格式】：PDF

【資料目錄和簡介】：

Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM 1
1.1.1 High Level Architecture 1
1.1.2 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2
1.1.3 Architecture of the Core Network 4
1.1.4 Communication Protocols 4
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems 6
1.2.1 From 1G to 3G 6
1.2.2 Third Generation Systems 7
1.3 The Need for LTE 8
1.3.1 The Growth of Mobile Data 8
1.3.2 Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System 10
1.3.3 Increasing the System Capacity 11
1.3.4 Additional Motivations 11
1.4 From UMTS to LTE 11
1.4.1 High Level Architecture of LTE 11
1.4.2 Long Term Evolution 12
1.4.3 System Architecture Evolution 13
1.5 From LTE to LTE-Advanced 15
1.5.1 The ITU Requirements for 4G 15
1.5.2 Requirements of LTE-Advanced 15
1.5.3 4G Communication Systems 15
1.5.4 The Meaning of 4G 16
1.6 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE 16
References 18
2 System Architecture Evolution 21
2.1 Architecture of LTE 21
2.1.1 High Level Architecture 21
2.1.2 User Equipment 21
2.1.3 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 23
viii Contents
2.1.4 Evolved Packet Core 24
2.1.5 Roaming Architecture 25
2.1.6 Network Areas 26
2.1.7 Numbering, Addressing and Identification 27
2.2 Communication Protocols 28
2.2.1 Protocol Model 28
2.2.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols 29
2.2.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols 30
2.2.4 User Plane Protocols 31
2.2.5 Signalling Protocols 31
2.3 Example Information Flows 33
2.3.1 Access Stratum Signalling 33
2.3.2 Non Access Stratum Signalling 33
2.3.3 Data Transport 35
2.4 Bearer Management 36
2.4.1 The EPS Bearer 36
2.4.2 Tunnelling Using GTP 37
2.4.3 Tunnelling Using GRE and PMIP 38
2.4.4 Signalling Radio Bearers 39
2.5 State Diagrams 40
2.5.1 EPS Mobility Management 40
2.5.2 EPS Connection Management 40
2.5.3 Radio Resource Control 41
2.6 Spectrum Allocation 42
References 44
3 Digital Wireless Communications 47
3.1 Radio Transmission and Reception 47
3.1.1 Signal Transmission 47
3.1.2 Signal Reception 49
3.1.3 Channel Estimation 50
3.1.4 Multiple Access Techniques 51
3.1.5 FDD and TDD Modes 52
3.2 Multipath, Fading and Inter-Symbol Interference 53
3.2.1 Multipath and Fading 53
3.2.2 Inter-Symbol Interference 55
3.3 Error Management 56
3.3.1 Forward Error Correction 56
3.3.2 Automatic Repeat Request 57
3.3.3 Hybrid ARQ 58
References 60
4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 61
4.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 61
4.1.1 Reduction of Inter-Symbol Interference using OFDM 61
4.1.2 The OFDM Transmitter 62
4.1.3 Initial Block Diagram 65
Contents ix
4.2 OFDMA in a Mobile Cellular Network 66
4.2.1 Multiple Access 66
4.2.2 Fractional Frequency Re-Use 67
4.2.3 Channel Estimation 68
4.2.4 Cyclic Prefix Insertion 69
4.2.5 Use of the Frequency Domain 70
4.2.6 Choice of Sub-Carrier Spacing 72
4.3 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 72
4.3.1 Power Variations from OFDMA 72
4.3.2 Block Diagram of SC-FDMA 73
References 76
5 Multiple Antenna Techniques 77
5.1 Diversity Processing 77
5.1.1 Receive Diversity 77
5.1.2 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity 78
5.1.3 Open Loop Transmit Diversity 79
5.2 Spatial Multiplexing 80
5.2.1 Principles of Operation 80
5.2.2 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing 82
5.2.3 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing 84
5.2.4 Matrix Representation 85
5.2.5 Implementation Issues 88
5.2.6 Multiple User MIMO 88
5.3 Beamforming 90
5.3.1 Principles of Operation 90
5.3.2 Beam Steering 91
5.3.3 Dual Layer Beamforming 92
5.3.4 Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited 93
References 94
6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface 95
6.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 95
6.2 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 97
6.2.1 Logical Channels 97
6.2.2 Transport Channels 97
6.2.3 Physical Data Channels 98
6.2.4 Control Information 99
6.2.5 Physical Control Channels 100
6.2.6 Physical Signals 100
6.2.7 Information Flows 101
6.3 The Resource Grid 101
6.3.1 Slot Structure 101
6.3.2 Frame Structure 103
6.3.3 Uplink Timing Advance 105
6.3.4 Resource Grid Structure 106
6.3.5 Bandwidth Options 106
x Contents
6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission 107
6.4.1 Downlink Antenna Ports 107
6.4.2 Downlink Transmission Modes 107
6.5 Resource Element Mapping 109
6.5.1 Downlink Resource Element Mapping 109
6.5.2 Uplink Resource Element Mapping 109
References 112
7 Cell Acquisition 113
7.1 Acquisition Procedure 113
7.2 Synchronization Signals 114
7.2.1 Physical Cell Identity 114
7.2.2 Primary Synchronization Signal 115
7.2.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal 116
7.3 Downlink Reference Signals 116
7.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 117
7.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel 118
7.6 System Information 119
7.6.1 Organization of the System Information 119
7.6.2 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 121
7.7 Procedures After Acquisition 121
References 122
8 Data Transmission and Reception 123
8.1 Data Transmission Procedures 123
8.1.1 Downlink Transmission and Reception 123
8.1.2 Uplink Transmission and Reception 125
8.1.3 Semi Persistent Scheduling 126
8.2 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH 127
8.2.1 Downlink Control Information 127
8.2.2 Resource Allocation 128
8.2.3 Example: DCI Format 1 129
8.2.4 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 130
8.2.5 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 131
8.3 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH 132
8.3.1 Transport Channel Processing 132
8.3.2 Physical Channel Processing 133
8.4 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH 135
8.4.1 Introduction 135
8.4.2 Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH 136
8.4.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH 136
8.5 Uplink Control Information 137
8.5.1 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 137
8.5.2 Channel Quality Indicator 137
8.5.3 Rank Indication 138
8.5.4 Precoding Matrix Indicator 139
Contents xi
8.5.5 Channel State Reporting Mechanisms 139
8.5.6 Scheduling Requests 140
8.6 Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH 140
8.6.1 PUCCH Formats 140
8.6.2 PUCCH Resources 142
8.6.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PUCCH 142
8.7 Uplink Reference Signals 143
8.7.1 Demodulation Reference Signal 143
8.7.2 Sounding Reference Signal 144
8.8 Uplink Power Control 145
8.8.1 Uplink Power Calculation 145
8.8.2 Uplink Power Control Commands 146
8.9 Discontinuous Reception 146
8.9.1 Discontinuous Reception and Paging in RRC_IDLE 146
8.9.2 Discontinuous Reception in RRC_CONNECTED 147
References 148
9 Random Access 151
9.1 Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH 151
9.1.1 Resource Element Mapping 151
9.1.2 Preamble Sequence Generation 153
9.1.3 Signal Transmission 153
9.2 Non Contention Based Procedure 154
9.3 Contention Based Procedure 155
References 156
10 Air Interface Layer 2 159
10.1 Medium Access Control Protocol 159
10.1.1 Protocol Architecture 159
10.1.2 Timing Advance Commands 160
10.1.3 Buffer Status Reporting 161
10.1.4 Power Headroom Reporting 162
10.1.5 Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing 162
10.1.6 Logical Channel Prioritization 163
10.1.7 Scheduling of Transmissions on the Air Interface 163
10.2 Radio Link Control Protocol 164
10.2.1 Protocol Architecture 164
10.2.2 Transparent Mode 165
10.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode 165
10.2.4 Acknowledged Mode 166
10.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 167
10.3.1 Protocol Architecture 167
10.3.2 Header Compression 168
10.3.3 Prevention of Packet Loss During Handover 169
References 170
xii Contents
11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures 173
11.1 Power-On Sequence 173
11.2 Network and Cell Selection 175
11.2.1 Network Selection 175
11.2.2 Closed Subscriber Group Selection 175
11.2.3 Cell Selection 176
11.3 RRC Connection Establishment 177
11.3.1 Basic Procedure 177
11.3.2 Relationship with Other Procedures 178
11.4 Attach Procedure 179
11.4.1 IP Address Allocation 179
11.4.2 Overview of the Attach Procedure 180
11.4.3 Attach Request 180
11.4.4 Identification and Security Procedures 182
11.4.5 Location Update 183
11.4.6 Default Bearer Creation 184
11.4.7 Attach Accept 185
11.4.8 Default Bearer Update 186
11.5 Detach Procedure 187
References 188
12 Security Procedures 191
12.1 Network Access Security 191
12.1.1 Security Architecture 191
12.1.2 Key Hierarchy 192
12.1.3 Authentication and Key Agreement 193
12.1.4 Security Activation 195
12.1.5 Ciphering 196
12.1.6 Integrity Protection 197
12.2 Network Domain Security 197
12.2.1 Security Protocols 197
12.2.2 Security in the Evolved Packet Core 198
12.2.3 Security in the Radio Access Network 199
References 200
13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging 201
13.1 Policy and Charging Control 201
13.1.1 Introduction 201
13.1.2 Quality of Service Parameters 202
13.1.3 Policy Control Architecture 203
13.2 Session Management Procedures 205
13.2.1 IP-CAN Session Establishment 205
13.2.2 Mobile Originated QoS Request 206
13.2.3 Server Originated QoS Request 207
13.2.4 Dedicated Bearer Establishment 208
13.2.5 Other Session Management Procedures 210
Contents xiii
13.3 Charging and Billing 210
13.3.1 High Level Architecture 210
13.3.2 Offline Charging 211
13.3.3 Online Charging 212
References 212
14 Mobility Management 215
14.1 Transitions Between Mobility Management States 215
14.1.1 S1 Release Procedure 215
14.1.2 Paging Procedure 216
14.1.3 Service Request Procedure 217
14.2 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 219
14.2.1 Objectives 219
14.2.2 Cell Reselection on the Same LTE Frequency 219
14.2.3 Cell Reselection to a Different LTE Frequency 220
14.2.4 Fast Moving Mobiles 222
14.2.5 Tracking Area Update Procedure 222
14.2.6 Network Reselection 224
14.3 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED 224
14.3.1 Objectives 224
14.3.2 Measurement Procedure 224
14.3.3 Measurement Reporting 225
14.3.4 Measurement Gaps 226
14.4 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 227
14.4.1 X2 Based Handover Procedure 227
14.4.2 Handover Variations 229
References 230
15 Inter-System Operation 231
15.1 Inter-Operation with UMTS and GSM 231
15.1.1 S3-Based Architecture 231
15.1.2 Gn/Gp-Based Architecture 233
15.1.3 Bearer Management 233
15.1.4 Power-On Procedures 234
15.1.5 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 234
15.1.6 Idle Mode Signalling Reduction 235
15.1.7 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED 235
15.1.8 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 236
15.2 Inter-Operation with Generic Non 3GPP Technologies 239
15.2.1 Network Based Mobility Architecture 239
15.2.2 Host Based Mobility Architecture 241
15.2.3 Attach Procedure 241
15.2.4 Cell Reselection and Handover 243
15.3 Inter-Operation with cdma2000 HRPD 244
15.3.1 System Architecture 244
15.3.2 Preregistration with cdma2000 244
xiv Contents
15.3.3 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 246
15.3.4 Measurements and Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 246
References 249
16 Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE 251
16.1 The Market for Voice and SMS 251
16.2 Third Party Voice over IP 252
16.3 The IP Multimedia Subsystem 253
16.3.1 IMS Architecture 253
16.3.2 IMS Procedures 255
16.3.3 SMS over the IMS 256
16.4 Circuit Switched Fallback 256
16.4.1 Architecture 256
16.4.2 Combined EPS/IMSI Attach Procedure 257
16.4.3 Voice Call Setup 258
16.4.4 SMS over SGs 260
16.4.5 Circuit Switched Fallback to cdma2000 1xRTT 261
16.5 VoLGA 262
References 262
17 Enhancements in Release 9 265
17.1 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 265
17.1.1 Introduction 265
17.1.2 Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network 266
17.1.3 Implementation of MBSFN in LTE 266
17.1.4 Architecture of MBMS 268
17.1.5 Operation of MBMS 269
17.2 Location Services 270
17.2.1 Introduction 270
17.2.2 Positioning Techniques 270
17.2.3 Location Service Architecture 271
17.2.4 Location Service Procedures 271
17.3 Other Enhancements in Release 9 273
17.3.1 Dual Layer Beamforming 273
17.3.2 Commercial Mobile Alert System 273
17.3.3 Enhancements to Earlier Features of LTE 274
References 274
18 LTE-Advanced and Release 10 277
18.1 Carrier Aggregation 277
18.1.1 Principles of Operation 277
18.1.2 UE Capabilities 279
18.1.3 Scheduling 279
18.1.4 Data Transmission and Reception 280
18.1.5 Uplink and Downlink Feedback 280
Contents xv
18.1.6 Other Physical Layer and MAC Procedures 281
18.1.7 RRC Procedures 281
18.2 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 281
18.2.1 Objectives 281
18.2.2 Downlink Reference Signals 282
18.2.3 Downlink Transmission and Feedback 283
18.3 Enhanced Uplink MIMO 283
18.3.1 Objectives 283
18.3.2 Implementation 284
18.4 Relays 284
18.4.1 Principles of Operation 284
18.4.2 Relaying Architecture 285
18.4.3 Enhancements to the Air Interface 286
18.5 Release 11 and Beyond 287
18.5.1 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 287
18.5.2 Enhanced Carrier Aggregation 287
References 288
19 Self Optimizing Networks 291
19.1 Self Optimizing Networks in Release 8 291
19.1.1 Self Configuration of an eNB 291
19.1.2 Automatic Neighbour Relations 292
19.1.3 Interference Coordination 293
19.1.4 Mobility Load Balancing 294
19.2 New Features in Release 9 295
19.2.1 Mobility Robustness Optimization 295
19.2.2 Random Access Channel Optimization 297
19.2.3 Energy Saving 297
19.3 Drive Test Minimization in Release 10 298
References 298
20 Performance of LTE and LTE-Advanced 301
20.1 Coverage Estimation 301
20.2 Peak Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced 302
20.2.1 Increase of the Peak Data Rate 302
20.2.2 Limitations on the Peak Data Rate 304
20.3 Typical Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced 304
20.3.1 Total Cell Capacity 304
20.3.2 Data Rate at the Cell Edge 306
References 307
Bibliography 309
Index 311