【資料名稱】：Evolution of 3G Networks

【資料作者】：Gottfried Punz

【資料日期】：2010

【資料語言】：英文

【資料格式】：PDF

【資料目錄和簡介】：

The Concept, Architecture and Realization of Mobile Networks Beyond UMTS

This work covers the status of evolved 3G mobile network technology, as represented by 3GPP’s SAE/LTE system, from the "inside" of standardization. It presents architectures, underlying concepts and details of procedures on several levels to promote readers’ understanding of the resulting design and specifications. Remarks on history, detours, and alternatives that were not pursued provide additional insights for non-experts. The author draws on his own notes and observations from standardization meetings, online discussions and company internal analyses, as well as comments and briefings from colleagues around the world, ensuring that readers receive a balanced view and deeper understanding.


Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................ 1
1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Nomenclature............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Concept of this book .................................................................................... 4
1.5 Status of standardization at the time of writing ........................................... 5
1.6 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2: Mobile Networks Evolution............................................................... 9
2.1 Success and limitations of GSM, GPRS and UMTS................................... 9
2.2 The need for a new architecture................................................................. 11
2.2.1 General............................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Radio interface and radio network aspects......................................... 12
2.2.3 All IP vision....................................................................................... 14
2.2.4 Diverse deployment and operation..................................................... 15
2.2.5 Umbrella system view........................................................................ 15
2.3 Requirements for the new architecture...................................................... 17
2.3.1 General targets and capabilities.......................................................... 17
2.3.2 Multi access and seamless mobility................................................... 19
2.3.3 Security and privacy........................................................................... 20
2.3.4 A special feature: emergency warning............................................... 20
2.4 Evolution tracks in mobile network standardization.................................. 21
2.4.1 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)......................................... 21
2.4.2 WIMAX............................................................................................. 24
2.4.3 TISPAN / NGN.................................................................................. 25
2.4.4 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2)................................... 26
2.5 Battles and compromises: a snapshot in standardization history............... 28
2.6 Commitments for the future....................................................................... 30
Chapter 3: Architecture of the Evolved 3GPP System.................................... 33
3.1 Overall architecture................................................................................... 33
3.2 Evolved Radio Access Network................................................................ 35
3.3 Evolved Packet Core Network (EPC)........................................................ 37
3.3.1 General remarks on EPC architecture ................................................ 37
3.3.2 EPC architecture for 3GPP access in non-roaming ............................ 38
3.3.3 EPC architecture for 3GPP access in roaming ................................... 43
3.3.3.1 Roaming with Home-Routed traffic ........................................... 43
3.3.3.2 Roaming with Local Breakout .................................................... 44
3.4 Architecture for interworking between EPC and legacy
3GPP PS system......................................................................................... 46
3.4.1 General ............................................................................................... 46
3.4.2 Interworking with legacy 3GPP PS System based
on S3/S4/S5/S8/S12........................................................................... 47
3.4.3 Interworking with legacy 3GPP PS System based on Gn/Gp............. 48
3.5 Architectures for interworking with legacy 3GPP CS System
(for voice services) ..................................................................................... 50
3.5.1 General ............................................................................................... 50
3.5.2 Architecture for SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) ........ 50
3.5.3 Architecture for CS Fallback.............................................................. 51
3.6 Architecture for Interworking with non-3GPP Accesses........................... 53
3.6.1 General............................................................................................... 53
3.6.2 Non-roaming ...................................................................................... 53
3.6.3 Roaming ............................................................................................. 56
3.7 Architecture for optimized handover with CDMA 2000 © HRPD............ 57
3.8 Architecture for I-WLAN mobility............................................................ 58
3.9 Architectural enhancement for access network discovery and selection... 59
3.10 Architecture for Home Cell Deployment................................................. 61
3.10.1 3GPP Release 8................................................................................ 61
3.10.2 3GPP Release 9 and 10 (Preview).................................................... 64
3.11 Architecture for Warning System (ETWS).............................................. 66
3.12 Examples of deployment/operation ......................................................... 67
3.13 Limitations of Rel. 8 and preview of Rel. 9/Rel. 10 ................................ 70
Chapter 4: Main Concepts.................................................................................. 73
4.1 E-UTRA Physical Layer ............................................................................ 73
4.2 E-UTRA Radio Link Layer and Radio Resource Management................. 76
4.2.1 Overview of Functions ....................................................................... 76
4.2.2 Logical Channel Structure.................................................................. 78
4.2.3 Layer 2 processing in downlink ......................................................... 79
4.2.4 Layer 2 processing in uplink .............................................................. 81
4.2.5Radio Resource Control (RRC) ..................................................... 81
4.2.5.1 RRC States and RRC Connection Establishment ....................... 81
4.2.5.2 Radio Bearers.............................................................................. 82
4.2.5.3 System Information..................................................................... 83
4.2.5.4 Radio Measurements................................................................... 84
4.2.5.5 Handover..................................................................................... 85
4.2.5.6 Paging ......................................................................................... 85
4.3 Evolved Radio Access Network ................................................................ 86
4.3.1 General ............................................................................................... 86
4.3.2 S1 Interface ........................................................................................ 88
4.3.3 X2 Interface........................................................................................ 91
4.4 MME Load balancing ................................................................................ 91
4.5 Tracking Concept....................................................................................... 94
4.6 IP Packet Bearer......................................................................................... 96
4.7 Overall concept for authentication, authorization and
accounting (AAA) .................................................................................... 100
4.8 Security concept ...................................................................................... 104
4.8.1 Basic security concept for E-UTRAN and EPC............................... 104
4.8.2 EPS security key hierarchy .............................................................. 107
4.8.3 Overall authentication and key agreement procedure
in EPS (EPS-AKA).......................................................................... 108
4.8.4 NAS signaling security..................................................................... 109
4.8.5 Security for interworking with non-3GPP systems .......................... 110
4.8.5.1 General...................................................................................... 110
4.8.5.2 Security for interworking with Trusted non-3GPP networks.... 110
4.8.5.3 Security for interworking with Untrusted
non-3GPP networks .................................................................. 112
4.9 EPS mobility and session management ................................................... 114
4.9.1 General ............................................................................................. 114
4.9.2 EPS mobility management (EMM) .................................................. 114
4.9.3 Idle mode process in UE .................................................................. 119
4.10 EPS session management (ESM)........................................................... 120
4.11 Quality of Service (QoS) Concept ......................................................... 122
4.11.1 General on QoS in the Evolved 3GPP System ............................... 122
4.11.2 QoS Parameters in EPS .................................................................. 124
4.11.3 Mapping between pre-Rel. 8 QoS and QCI.................................... 125
4.12 Concept of Policy and Charging Control (PCC).................................... 126
4.12.1 Evolution up to Release 7............................................................... 126
4.12.2 PCC in Release 8............................................................................ 128
4.12.3 Packet filters, PCC rules and events............................................... 131
4.13 Idle Mode Signaling Reduction ............................................................. 132
4.14 Interoperation with legacycircuit switched domain .............................. 136
4.14.1 General ........................................................................................... 136
4.14.2 SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) .............................. 137
4.14.3 CS Fallback from E-UTRAN to GERAN/UTRAN ....................... 140
4.15 Interworking with non-3GPP accesses .................................................. 144
4.15.1 General ........................................................................................... 144
4.15.2 Mobility based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (on S2a and S2b) ............... 145
4.15.3 Mobility based on Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 on S2c ....................... 148
4.15.4 Mobile based on MIPv4 (FA mode) on S2a................................... 150
4.15.5 Trust Detection............................................................................... 152
4.15.6 IP Mobility Mode Selection ........................................................... 152
4.15.7 Trusted Non-3GPP Access............................................................. 154
4.15.8 Untrusted Non-3GPP Access ......................................................... 156
4.15.9 HRPD as an access network for EPC ............................................. 157
4.15.10 Access Network Discovery & Selection Function (ANDSF)....... 158
4.16 I-WLAN Mobility.................................................................................. 160
4.17 Service continuityon IMS level ............................................................ 161
4.18 SMS handling ........................................................................................ 164
4.19 Closed Subscriber Groups .....................................................................166
4.20 Multiple PDN Connectivity ................................................................... 167
4.21 Identities ................................................................................................ 169
4.21.1 Network Identification ................................................................... 169
4.21.2 UE Identification in3GPP E-UTRAN Access ............................... 169
4.21.3 Tracking Area Identity ...................................................................170
4.21.4 UE Identification for PMIP and in non-3GPP access..................... 170
4.21.5 Identification of CSGs and Home NodeBs / Home eNodeBs ........ 171
4.21.6 Identification of a service (Access Point Name) ............................ 171
4.21.7 Identification ofnetwork nodes...................................................... 172
4.21.8 Access Network Identity ................................................................ 172
4.22 Feature Control ...................................................................................... 173
4.23 Overview of information storage ........................................................... 174
Chapter 5: Functions and Procedures of the Evolved 3GPP System............ 179
5.1 Access Control (Authentication and Authorization) ................................ 179
5.1.1 Authentication and Authorization in E-UTRAN access................... 179
5.1.2Authentication and Authorization in non-3GPP access............... 181
5.1.2.1 Trusted non-3GPP access ......................................................... 181
5.1.2.2Untrusted non-3GPP access................................................. 184
5.2 Node Selection Functions........................................................................ 187
5.2.1 General............................................................................................. 187
5.2.2 Selection of MME............................................................................ 187
5.2.3 Selection ofServing GW.................................................................. 188
5.2.4 Selection of PDN GW ...................................................................... 188
5.2.5 Selection of ePDG ............................................................................ 189
5.2.6 Selection of Home Agent (for DSMIPv6) ........................................ 190
5.3 IP Address Allocation and Configuration................................................ 190
5.3.1 Basic concepts.................................................................................. 190
5.3.2 IPv4 address allocation and configuration via DHCPv4 .................. 193
5.3.3 IPv6 address autoconfiguration ........................................................ 194
5.3.4 IP address configuration via DHCPv6.............................................. 194
5.4 Initial Attachment .................................................................................... 195
5.4.1 Initial Attachmentin E-UTRAN ...................................................... 195
5.4.2 Initial Attachment in legacy 3GPP PS access................................... 200
5.4.3 Initial Attachment in Trusted non-3GPP access ............................... 201
5.4.4 Initial attachment in untrusted non-3GPP access ............................. 204
5.5 UE requested (additional) PDN connectivity........................................... 207
5.6 Detachment .............................................................................................. 209
5.6.1 UE initiated Detachfrom E-UTRAN ............................................... 209
5.6.2 Detach from Trusted non-3GPP Access ........................................... 210
5.7 S1 connection management..................................................................... 212
5.7.1 Service Request................................................................................ 212
5.7.2 S1 Release ........................................................................................ 214
5.8 Intra-System Mobility.............................................................................. 215
5.8.1 Tracking Area Update (TAU).......................................................... 216
5.8.2 Intra-E-UTRAN Handover via X2 ................................................... 218
5.8.3 Intra-E-UTRAN Handover via S1.................................................... 220
5.9 Inter-System Mobility with Legacy3GPP............................................... 225
5.10 Inter-System mobility with non-3GPP access ....................................... 228
5.10.1 Handover from E-UTRAN to Trusted non-3GPP Access .............. 228
5.10.2 Handover from E-UTRAN to Untrusted non-3GPP Access .......... 230
5.10.3 Handover between two Untrusted non-3GPP Accesses ................. 232
5.10.4 Optimized Handover between CDMA 2000 © HRPD
and E-UTRAN .............................................................................. 233
5.11 Session handling procedures.................................................................. 239
5.11.1 Dedicated Bearer Activation .......................................................... 239
5.11.2 Bearer Modification (incl. QoS update) ......................................... 242
5.12 Communication between UE and ANDSF ............................................ 243
5.13 SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) Procedure..................... 244
5.14 IMS based Service Continuity ............................................................... 248
5.15 Warning message delivery..................................................................... 250
5.16 Procedures for I-WLAN mobility.......................................................... 252
5.16.1 PDN attach..................................................................................... 252
5.16.2 UE initiated PDN detach ................................................................ 254
5.16.3 Handover ........................................................................................ 254
Chapter 6: Protocol Environment ................................................................... 257
6.1 Evolution of GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)....................................... 257
6.1.1 General............................................................................................. 257
6.1.2 GTPv2-C (Control Plane of GPRS Tunneling Protocol Version 2) . 258
6.1.3 Enhanced GTPv1-U ......................................................................... 263
6.2 PMIPv6 protocol details.......................................................................... 265
6.2.1 Dual Stack Capability....................................................................... 265
6.2.2 PMIPv6 Signaling ............................................................................ 267
6.2.3 3GPP Specific Information Elements added to PMIPv6 .................. 269
6.3 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) .............................................. 270
6.4 Internet Key Exchange ProtocolVersion 2 (IKEv2) and MOBIKE ........ 271
6.5 DIAMETER............................................................................................. 273
6.6 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)....................................... 275
6.7 S1 Application Protocol........................................................................... 276
6.8 X2 Application Protocol .......................................................................... 278
6.9 NAS Signaling Protocol.......................................................................... 278
6.9.1 General............................................................................................. 278
6.9.2 NAS signaling protocol for EPS mobility management................... 279
6.9.3 NAS signaling protocol for EPS session management..................... 280
6.9.4 Message coding and examplesof information elements .................. 282
6.10 OMA Device Management.................................................................... 285
Annex:Information stored in MME and Serving GW............................ 287
Data stored in MME ...................................................................................... 287
Data stored in Serving GW............................................................................ 289
Abbreviations..................................................................................................... 291
Index................................................................................................................... 299

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