【資料名稱】：GSM網(wǎng)優(yōu)

【資料作者】：龔科

【資料日期】：2008

【資料語言】：中文

【資料格式】：DOC

【資料目錄和簡介】：

第一部分 GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ).............................................................................................1
第1 章 GSM系統(tǒng)原理...........................................................................................2
1.1 蜂窩系統(tǒng)概念.............................................................................................2
1.1.1 蜂窩小區(qū)................................................................................................2
1.1.2 頻率復(fù)用方式........................................................................................3
1.1.3 載干比....................................................................................................4
1.2 GSM 頻率配置...........................................................................................5
1.3 GSM 通信系統(tǒng)組成...................................................................................6
1.3.1 系統(tǒng)的組成............................................................................................6
1.3.2 交換網(wǎng)路子系統(tǒng)....................................................................................7
1.3.3 無線基站子系統(tǒng)....................................................................................8
1.3.4 移動臺....................................................................................................8
1.3.5 GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)區(qū)域概念..............................................................................9
1.4 GSM 空中接口技術(shù)...................................................................................9
1.4.1 時分多址技術(shù)（TDMA） ......................................................................9
1.4.2 時分多址（TDMA）幀結(jié)構(gòu)..................................................................10
1.4.3 突發(fā)脈沖序列（Burst） .......................................................................12
1.4.4 邏輯信道..............................................................................................14
1.5 邏輯信道到物理信道的映射...................................................................18
1.5.1 小區(qū)信道配置......................................................................................18
1.5.2 控制信道的映射..................................................................................18
1.5.3 業(yè)務(wù)信道的映射..................................................................................22
1.5.4 SCH 測量.............................................................................................23
1.5.5 常用基站信道配置..............................................................................23
1.6 話音編碼...................................................................................................24
1.7 信道編碼...................................................................................................25
1.7.1 信道編碼原理......................................................................................25
1.7.2 話音信道編碼......................................................................................27
1.7.3 控制信道編碼......................................................................................28
1.8 交織技術(shù)...................................................................................................29
1.8.1 交織技術(shù)的一般原理..........................................................................29
1.8.2 GSM 系統(tǒng)中交織方式........................................................................30
1.9 時間色散與均衡.......................................................................................33
1.10 GMSK 調(diào)制﹡........................................................................................35
1.11 時間提前量.............................................................................................36
1.12 不連續(xù)發(fā)射和非連續(xù)接收.....................................................................38
1.12.1 不連續(xù)發(fā)射（DTX）...........................................................................38
1.12.2 非連續(xù)接收（DRX）與尋呼組...........................................................39
1.13 功率控制.................................................................................................40
1.14 跳頻技術(shù).................................................................................................42
1.14.1 跳頻分類............................................................................................42
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1.14.2 跳頻算法............................................................................................43
1.15 編號計劃.................................................................................................47
1.16 保密措施.................................................................................................50
1.16.1 提供三參數(shù)組....................................................................................50
1.16.2 鑒權(quán)....................................................................................................51
1.16.3 加密....................................................................................................54
1.16.4 設(shè)備識別............................................................................................55
1.16.5 臨時識別碼（TMSI） ........................................................................56
1.16.6 PIN 碼................................................................................................57
第2 章 GSM接口協(xié)議........................................................................................58
2.1 GSM 系統(tǒng)接口與協(xié)議.............................................................................58
2.1.1 GSM 系統(tǒng)接口....................................................................................58
2.1.2 GSM 功能分層結(jié)構(gòu)............................................................................60
2.1.3 GSM 系統(tǒng)主要接口協(xié)議....................................................................61
2.2 GSM 接口協(xié)議特點.................................................................................64
2.3 GSM 空中接口物理層.............................................................................64
2.4 GSM 空中接口鏈路層.............................................................................66
2.5 GSM 空中接口網(wǎng)絡(luò)層.............................................................................70
2.6 其它接口GSM 專用協(xié)議........................................................................75
2.7 LAPD 協(xié)議...............................................................................................78
第3 章 GSM通信流程.........................................................................................81
3.1 MS 狀態(tài)...................................................................................................81
3.2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)選擇...................................................................................................82
3.3 小區(qū)選擇...................................................................................................83
3.3.1 小區(qū)選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)......................................................................................84
3.3.2 小區(qū)選擇流程......................................................................................84
3.3.3 小區(qū)選擇參數(shù)C1 ................................................................................86
3.3.4 小區(qū)接入控制......................................................................................86
3.4 小區(qū)重選...................................................................................................87
3.5 位置更新...................................................................................................89
3.5.1 LA（位置區(qū)） .......................................................................................89
3.5.2 正常位置更新......................................................................................90
3.5.3 IMSI Attach/Detach（附著/分離）........................................................92
3.5.4 周期性位置更新..................................................................................94
3.6 初始化.......................................................................................................95
3.7 MS 主叫....................................................................................................96
3.7.1 手機主叫信令流程..............................................................................97
3.7.2 幾點說明............................................................................................104
3.8 尋呼（Paging）..........................................................................................105
3.9 MS 被叫..................................................................................................106
3.9.1 被叫尋找過程....................................................................................107
3.9.2 被叫接續(xù)過程...................................................................................108
3.10 切換.......................................................................................................110
3.10.1 切換流程.........................................................................................110
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3.10.2 小區(qū)內(nèi)切換..................................................................................... 111
3.10.3 BSC 內(nèi)切換.................................................................................... 111
3.10.4 相同MSC 不同BSC 間的切換..................................................113
3.10.5 不同MSC 間切換...........................................................................114
3.11 LOCATING（定位）...............................................................................116
3.11.1 測量和報告處理..............................................................................117
3.11.2 測量報告的時間評估......................................................................118
3.11.3 緊急情況分析..................................................................................118
3.11.4 懲罰處理..........................................................................................119
3.11.5 Locating 排隊...................................................................................120
3.11.6 內(nèi)切換評價......................................................................................123
3.11.7 產(chǎn)生切換候選小區(qū)排隊清單..........................................................123
3.12 釋放.......................................................................................................123
3.13 系統(tǒng)消息...............................................................................................125
3.13.1 系統(tǒng)消息1........................................................................................127
3.13.2 系統(tǒng)消息2........................................................................................128
3.13.3 系統(tǒng)消息3........................................................................................128
3.13.4 系統(tǒng)消息4........................................................................................128
3.13.5 系統(tǒng)消息5........................................................................................128
3.13.6 系統(tǒng)消息6........................................................................................129
3.13.7 系統(tǒng)消息7/8.....................................................................................129
3.14 短消息流程...........................................................................................129
3.14.1 發(fā)送短消息......................................................................................129
3.14.2 接收短消息......................................................................................130
3.15 呼叫異常流程.......................................................................................131
第4 章 GSM信令基礎(chǔ).......................................................................................137
4.1 NO.7 信令系統(tǒng)概述...............................................................................137
4.1.1 共路信令的概念和特點....................................................................137
4.1.2 CCS7 信令網(wǎng).....................................................................................138
4.2 七號信令系統(tǒng)的功能級結(jié)構(gòu).................................................................139
4.2.1 功能級結(jié)構(gòu)原理................................................................................139
4.2.2 七號信令系統(tǒng)的功能級結(jié)構(gòu)............................................................140
4.2.3 七號信令信號單元格式....................................................................141
4.3 消息傳遞部分（MTP）.............................................................................144
4.3.1 信令數(shù)據(jù)鏈路....................................................................................144
4.3.2 信令鏈路功能....................................................................................145
4.3.3 信令網(wǎng)功能........................................................................................146
4.4 信令連接控制部分（SCCP） .................................................................147
4.4.1 概述....................................................................................................147
4.4.2 SCCP 的特點和功能.........................................................................148
4.4.3 SCCP 的尋址選路功能.....................................................................151
4.4.4 SCCP 消息格式簡介.........................................................................152
4.5 事務(wù)能力應(yīng)用部分（TCAP）...................................................................157
4.5.1 概述....................................................................................................157
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4.5.2 TCAP 的基本結(jié)構(gòu).............................................................................158
4.5.3 TCAP 消息結(jié)構(gòu)簡介.........................................................................159
4.6 移動應(yīng)用部分（MAP） ..........................................................................159
4.6.1 概述....................................................................................................159
4.6.2 MAP 消息..........................................................................................160
4.7 電話用戶部分（TUP） ...........................................................................161
4.7.1 TUP 概述及基本特點.......................................................................161
4.7.2 TUP 消息格式和編碼.......................................................................162
4.7.3 TUP 主要消息舉例...........................................................................163
4.7.4 TUP 在MSC 中的特點.....................................................................169
4.7.5 基本呼叫的信令程序........................................................................170
第5 章 無線傳播理論........................................................................................175
5.1 無線傳播環(huán)境.........................................................................................175
5.1.1 傳播環(huán)境............................................................................................175
5.1.2 自由空間傳播損耗............................................................................176
5.1.3 移動環(huán)境電波傳播特點總結(jié)............................................................177
5.2 多徑衰落.................................................................................................179
5.2.1 多徑衰落特性....................................................................................179
5.2.2 小尺度衰落信道分類........................................................................180
5.2.3 多普勒頻移........................................................................................180
5.2.4 多徑時延參數(shù)....................................................................................181
5.3 分集.........................................................................................................182
5.4 功率（鏈路）預(yù)算.....................................................................................183
5.5 無線傳播模型.........................................................................................185
5.5.1 Okumura－Hata 模型........................................................................186
5.5.2 COST－231 模型...............................................................................189
5.5.3 COST－231－Walfish－Ikegami 模型.............................................190
5.6 室內(nèi)傳播模式.........................................................................................193
5.7 各類損耗的確定.....................................................................................194
5.8 傳播模型的修正.....................................................................................195
第6 章 天饋線系統(tǒng)............................................................................................197
6.1 天線的基本概念.....................................................................................197
6.1.1 天線的分類........................................................................................197
6.1.2 天線的性能參數(shù)................................................................................197
6.1.3 天線增益的近似計算........................................................................200
6.2 移動通信系統(tǒng)天線安裝規(guī)范.................................................................201
6.2.1 天線安裝環(huán)境....................................................................................201
6.2.2 GSM 系統(tǒng)中天線隔離度..................................................................202
6.2.3 天線安裝間距....................................................................................202
6.2.4 CDMA 對GSM 基站干擾和天線隔離度........................................204
6.2.5 天線參數(shù)調(diào)整....................................................................................205
6.3 天線的選用.............................................................................................206
6.3.1 城區(qū)基站天線選用原則....................................................................206
6.3.2 郊區(qū)基站天線選用原則....................................................................207
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6.3.3 鄉(xiāng)村基站天線選用原則....................................................................207
6.3.4 鐵路和公路沿線天線選用原則........................................................207
6.3.5 天線選用參考....................................................................................208
6.4 饋線系統(tǒng).................................................................................................208
6.4.1 合分路單元（CDU） ........................................................................208
6.4.2 塔頂放大器........................................................................................209
6.4.3 饋線....................................................................................................210
第二部分 GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃.........................................................................................211
第7 章 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃概述........................................................................................212
7.1 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃設(shè)計概述.................................................................................212
7.1.1 規(guī)劃設(shè)計目的....................................................................................212
7.1.2 GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃概述..........................................................................212
7.1.3 GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃設(shè)計步驟..................................................................215
7.2 規(guī)劃設(shè)計依據(jù).........................................................................................217
7.2.1 覆蓋容量目標(biāo)....................................................................................217
7.2.2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)性能指標(biāo)....................................................................................217
7.3 站址選擇與勘察.....................................................................................218
7.3.1 站址設(shè)計............................................................................................218
7.3.2 無線環(huán)境勘測....................................................................................220
7.3.3 時間色散............................................................................................220
7.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃流程.........................................................................................221
第8 章 話務(wù)理論與小區(qū)規(guī)劃............................................................................224
8.1 話務(wù)量理論.............................................................................................224
8.1.1 話務(wù)量和話務(wù)流量............................................................................224
8.1.2 呼損率................................................................................................224
8.1.3 愛爾蘭公式........................................................................................224
8.2 基站容量規(guī)劃.........................................................................................228
8.2.1 話務(wù)量規(guī)劃........................................................................................228
8.2.2 話音信道分配....................................................................................229
8.2.3 控制信道分配....................................................................................230
8.3 位置區(qū)設(shè)計.............................................................................................233
8.3.1 位置區(qū)的定義....................................................................................233
8.3.2 位置區(qū)劃分........................................................................................234
8.3.3 位置區(qū)計算........................................................................................234
8.3.4 其它....................................................................................................235
第9 章 GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃.......................................................................................236
9.1 小區(qū)基站參數(shù)設(shè)計.................................................................................236
9.2 鏈路平衡和系統(tǒng)覆蓋.............................................................................237
9.2.1 上下行平衡........................................................................................237
9.2.2 小區(qū)覆蓋估算....................................................................................239
9.3 雙頻網(wǎng)規(guī)劃.............................................................................................240
9.3.1 組建雙頻網(wǎng)的必要性........................................................................240
9.3.2 GSM1800 的傳播特性和覆蓋方案..................................................240
9.4 室內(nèi)分布系統(tǒng).........................................................................................244
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9.4.1 室內(nèi)分布系統(tǒng)建設(shè)原則....................................................................244
9.4.2 工程勘測原則....................................................................................245
9.4.3 室內(nèi)分布系統(tǒng)工程設(shè)計規(guī)范............................................................246
9.4.4 室內(nèi)傳播模型....................................................................................248
9.4.5 室內(nèi)分布系統(tǒng)設(shè)計............................................................................249
9.4.6 室內(nèi)分布系統(tǒng)天線選用....................................................................250
9.4.7 頻率規(guī)劃............................................................................................251
9.4.8 話務(wù)控制............................................................................................252
9.5 直放站規(guī)劃.............................................................................................252
9.5.1 直放站概述........................................................................................252
9.5.2 直放站的技術(shù)要求............................................................................254
9.5.3 直放站與基站的比較........................................................................255
9.5.4 GSM 直放站分類..............................................................................256
9.5.5 直放站工程設(shè)計與調(diào)測....................................................................259
9.5.6 直放站的輸出功率控制....................................................................265
9.5.7 直放站背景噪聲的影響....................................................................265
9.5.8 直放站的選型與安裝........................................................................266
9.5.9 GSM 光纖直放站.............................................................................269
第10 章 頻率規(guī)劃①..........................................................................................274
10.1 蜂窩結(jié)構(gòu)的形成規(guī)則...........................................................................274
10.2 干擾模型..............................................................................................275
10.3 分組頻率復(fù)用技術(shù)...............................................................................279
10.4 多重頻率復(fù)用MRP .............................................................................282
10.5 同心圓（Concentric Cell）技術(shù)..............................................................285
10.6 小區(qū)分裂與頻率規(guī)劃...........................................................................288
第11 章 GSM參數(shù)設(shè)計② ...............................................................................290
11.1 前言.......................................................................................................290
11.2 公共數(shù)據(jù)...............................................................................................291
11.2.1 小區(qū)全球識別碼（CGI） .................................................................291
11.2.2 基站識別碼（BSIC） .......................................................................292
11.2.3 BCCH 載頻發(fā)射功率（BSPWRB） ................................................294
11.2.4 BCCH 載波頻率（BCCHNO）.........................................................294
11.2.5 MS 最大發(fā)射功率（MSTXPWR）...................................................295
11.2.6 幀偏置（FNOFFSET） ....................................................................296
11.2.7 BCCH 組合類型（BCCHTYPE） ...................................................297
11.2.8 SDCCH/8 信道數(shù)（SDCCH） .........................................................297
11.2.9 小區(qū)廣播信道（CBCH） ................................................................298
11.3 尋呼參數(shù)...............................................................................................299
11.3.1 接入允許保留塊數(shù)（AGBLK） ......................................................299
11.3.2 尋呼復(fù)幀數(shù)（MFRMS）....................................................................300
11.3.3 公共控制信道配置（CCCH_CONF）..............................................302
11.4 空閑模式...............................................................................................303
11.4.1 最小接入電平（ACCMIN） ............................................................303
11.4.2 控制信道最大發(fā)射功率（CCHPWR） ...........................................305
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11.4.3 小區(qū)重選滯后（CRH）......................................................................306
11.4.4 允許的網(wǎng)絡(luò)色碼（NCCPERM） .....................................................307
11.4.5 BCCH 系統(tǒng)消息開關(guān)（SIMSG 和MSGDIST）..............................308
11.4.6 小區(qū)接入禁止（CB）.........................................................................309
11.4.7 小區(qū)禁止限制（CBQ）......................................................................310
11.4.8 接入控制等級（ACC）......................................................................311
11.4.9 最大重發(fā)次數(shù)（MAXRET） ...........................................................313
11.4.10 發(fā)送分布時隙數(shù)（TX）...................................................................314
11.4.11 IMSI 結(jié)合分離允許（ATT） .........................................................316
11.4.12 周期位置更新定時器（T3212）.....................................................317
11.4.13 小區(qū)重選參數(shù)指示（PI）................................................................318
11.4.14 小區(qū)重選偏置（CRO）、臨時偏置（TO）和懲罰時間（PT） ......318
11.5 位置.......................................................................................................321
11.5.1 算法類型（EVALTYPE） ...............................................................321
11.5.2 上行無線鏈路超時（RLINKUP）.....................................................321
11.5.3 下行無線鏈路超時（RLINKT） .....................................................322
11.6 信道管理/TCH 上的立即指配............................................................323
11.6.1 新建原因指示（NECI）.....................................................................323
11.7 動態(tài)功率控制.......................................................................................324
11.7.1 MS 動態(tài)功率控制狀態(tài)（DMPSTATE） ........................................324
11.7.2 BTS 動態(tài)功率控制狀態(tài)（DBPSTATE） .......................................325
11.8 不連續(xù)發(fā)射...........................................................................................325
11.8.1 下行不連續(xù)發(fā)射（DTXD）...............................................................325
11.8.2 上行不連續(xù)發(fā)射（DTXU）...............................................................326
11.9 跳頻.......................................................................................................326
11.9.1 跳頻狀態(tài)（HOP） ............................................................................326
11.9.2 跳頻序列號（HSN） ........................................................................327
11.10 小區(qū)內(nèi)切換.........................................................................................328
11.10.1 小區(qū)內(nèi)切換開關(guān)（IHO）.................................................................328
11.11 指配到其它小區(qū).................................................................................329
11.11.1 指配其它小區(qū)允許（ASSOC） .....................................................329
11.12 雙BA 表.............................................................................................330
11.12.1 BCCH 頻率表（MBCCHNO） ......................................................330
11.12.2 頻率表類型（LISTTTYPE） .........................................................331
11.13 空閑信道測量.....................................................................................332
11.13.1 空閑信道測量狀態(tài)（ICMSTATE）................................................332
11.13.2 信道分配開關(guān)（NOALLOC） .......................................................333
11.13.3 空閑信道干擾電平平均周期（INTAVE） ...................................334
11.13.4 干擾帶邊界（LIMITn）...................................................................334
11.14 多頻段操作.........................................................................................335
11.14.1 多頻段指示（MBCR） ..................................................................335
11.14.2 CLASSMARK 早送控制（ECSC）................................................337
11.15 小區(qū)參數(shù)表.........................................................................................338
第三部分 GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化.........................................................................................344
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第12 章 GSM 干擾分析...................................................................................345
12.1 前言.......................................................................................................345
12.2 干擾的定位和排查步驟.......................................................................346
12.3 內(nèi)部干擾...............................................................................................348
12.3.1 內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的干擾..............................................................................348
12.3.2 內(nèi)部干擾的解決方法......................................................................349
12.3.3 內(nèi)部干擾案例分析..........................................................................350
12.4 外部干擾...............................................................................................351
12.4.1 外部產(chǎn)生的干擾..............................................................................351
12.4.2 外部干擾案例分析..........................................................................352
12.5 互調(diào)干擾...............................................................................................355
12.5.1 互調(diào)產(chǎn)生的干擾..............................................................................355
12.5.2 互調(diào)干擾的解決方案......................................................................356
第13 章 GSM900/1800 雙頻網(wǎng)優(yōu)化................................................................358
13.1 概述.......................................................................................................358
13.2 小區(qū)規(guī)劃...............................................................................................359
13.3 參數(shù)規(guī)劃...............................................................................................360
13.3.1 小區(qū)選擇參數(shù)..................................................................................361
13.3.2 小區(qū)重選參數(shù)..................................................................................363
13.3.3 小區(qū)切換參數(shù)..................................................................................364
13.4 雙頻網(wǎng)優(yōu)化案例...................................................................................366
第14 章 話務(wù)統(tǒng)計..............................................................................................368
14.1 話務(wù)統(tǒng)計簡介.......................................................................................368
14.2 常用網(wǎng)絡(luò)指標(biāo)說明...............................................................................368
14.2.1 MSC 統(tǒng)計........................................................................................368
14.2.2 BSC 統(tǒng)計.........................................................................................374
14.3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)運行指標(biāo).......................................................................................382
14.4 話務(wù)統(tǒng)計指標(biāo)分析...............................................................................383
14.4.1 整體分析思路..................................................................................383
14.4.2 掉話率高的分析..............................................................................383
14.4.3 TCH 擁塞率高的分析.....................................................................385
14.4.4 SDCCH 擁塞率高的分析................................................................387
14.4.5 切換成功率低的分析......................................................................389
第15 章 GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化專題...........................................................................393
15.1 降低掉話...............................................................................................393
15.1.1 掉話原因..........................................................................................393
15.1.2 掉話解決方法..................................................................................394
15.2 GSM 小區(qū)話務(wù)優(yōu)化調(diào)整.....................................................................398
15.2.1 硬件調(diào)整..........................................................................................399
15.2.2 軟件參數(shù)調(diào)整..................................................................................400
15.3 單通和串音...........................................................................................403
15.4 接通率優(yōu)化...........................................................................................404
15.4.1 接通率分析......................................................................................404
15.4.2 提高接通率......................................................................................406
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15.4.3 長途來話接通率..............................................................................408
15.5 干擾分析...............................................................................................409
15.5.1 干擾的分類......................................................................................409
15.5.2 干擾產(chǎn)生的原因..............................................................................410
15.5.3 干擾的分析及解決..........................................................................411
15.6 網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化中的常見問題及解決方法...................................................411
15.6.1 覆蓋問題..........................................................................................412
15.6.2 居民生活小區(qū)優(yōu)化..........................................................................413
15.6.3 農(nóng)郊網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化..................................................................................416
15.7 GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化建議.............................................................................422