Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Esmailzadeh, Riaz.
TDD-CDMA for wireless communications/Riaz Esmailzadeh, Masao Nakagawa.
p. cm. — (Artech House universal personal communications series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58053-371-X (alk. paper)
1. Code division multiple access. I. Nakagawa, M. (Masao) II. Title. III. Series.
TK5103.452 .E66 2002
621.3845’6—dc21 2002032680
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Esmailzadeh, Riaz
TDD-CDMA for wireless communications.—
(Artech House universal personal communications series)
1. Time division multiple access 2. Code division multiple access 3. Wireless
communication systems
I. Title II. Nakagawa, Masao
621.3’845
ISBN 1-58053-371-X
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
Regarding the copyrighted 3GPP figures in Chapter 7, 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of
ARIB, CWTS, ETSI, T1, TTA, and TTC, who jointly own the copyright in them. They are
subject to further modifications and are therefore provided to you “as is” for information purposes
only. Further use is strictly prohibited.
© 2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information.
Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or
service mark.
International Standard Book Number: ISBN 1-58053-371-X
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002032680
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Mobile Communications 2
1.2 TDD Systems 4
1.3 Spread Spectrum Communications 7
References 9
2 Mobile Radio Communications 11
2.1 Radio Communication System 11
2.2 Mobile Channel Characteristics 13
2.2.1 Power Control 18
2.2.2 Diversity Combining Techniques 19
2.2.3 Diversity Combining Methods 21
2.3 Spread Spectrum Communications 24
v
2.3.1 FH-SS 25
2.3.2 DS-SS 27
2.4 CDMA Communications 31
2.4.1 Uplink of a CDMA System 33
2.5 System Configuration 35
2.5.1 Public Systems 35
2.5.2 Private and Ad Hoc Systems 36
2.6 Summary 36
References 36
3 TDD Transmission 39
3.1 TDD System 39
3.2 Synchronous Transmission 44
3.3 Why TDD? 46
3.3.1 Reciprocity 47
3.3.2 Impulse Response Estimation 50
3.4 CDMA Group Transmission: TDD 51
3.5 Summary 52
References 52
4 Power Control in TDD-CDMA Systems 55
4.1 Uplink Power Control in TDD 58
4.1.1 Imperfect Channel Estimation 64
4.2 Downlink Power Control 66
4.3 Power Control in Multipath Diversity 67
4.3.1 Imperfect Channel Estimation 71
4.4 Summary 73
References 73
5 Pre-Rake Diversity Combining 75
5.1 Introduction 76
vi TDD-CDMA for Wireless Communications
5.2 Multipath Channel Model 77
5.3 The Rake Combination 78
5.4 The Pre-Rake Combination 79
5.5 Theoretical Analyses 81
5.5.1 SNR 81
5.5.2 BER 84
5.6 TDD-CDMA System with Pre-Rake 85
5.7 Performance Analysis of the Pre-Rake TDD-CDMA 87
5.7.1 Self-Interference 88
5.7.2 Multiple-Access Interference 89
5.8 Performance Analysis of the Rake TDD-CDMA 92
5.8.1 Self-Interference 92
5.8.2 Multiple-Access Interference 92
5.9 Numerical Results and Discussion 94
5.10 Summary 96
References 96
6 System Capacity in TDD-CDMA Systems 99
6.1 Downlink Capacity 101
6.2 Uplink Capacity 102
6.3 Orthogonal Transmission 103
6.3.1 Downlink 103
6.3.2 Uplink 104
6.4 Directional and Adaptive Array Antennas 109
6.5 Multiuser Detection 112
6.5.1 Uplink Interference Cancellation 113
6.5.2 Uplink Joint Detection 114
6.5.3 Downlink Joint Predistortion 117
6.6 Summary 120
References 120
Contents vii
7 TDD-Based CDMA Standards for Public Systems 123
7.1 Historical Background 123
7.2 TD-CDMA Standard 126
7.2.1 Layer 3: Radio Resource Control 127
7.2.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer 127
7.2.3 Layer 1: Physical Layer 131
7.3 TD-SCMDA Standard 136
7.3.1 Physical Layer 137
7.3.2 Channel Coding 138
7.3.3 Interleaving 138
7.3.4 Radio Frame Segmentation and Rate Matching 138
7.3.5 TrCH Multiplexing 138
7.3.6 PhCH and Subframe Segmentation 138
7.3.7 Frame and Slot Structure 140
7.3.8 Modulation and Spreading 141
7.4 Summary 141
7.5 TD-CDMA Test System 142
7.5.1 Elements and Configuration of Experimental
Equipment 142
7.5.2 Laboratory Experiments 143
7.5.3 Field Trial 146
7.5.4 Summary 148
References 149
8 TDD Spread Spectrum–Based Private Systems 151
8.1 Bluetooth Ad Hoc System 151
8.1.1 Bluetooth Air Interface 152
8.1.2 Ad Hoc Networking 153
8.1.3 Why TDD? 155
8.2 Spread Spectrum Cordless Telephone 156
8.2.1 System Configuration 156
8.2.2 TDD Operation 158
viii TDD-CDMA for Wireless Communications
8.3 Summary 158
References 159
9 TDD and Fourth-Generation Systems 161
9.1 Subscriber and Traffic Growth 161
9.2 Transmission and Network Technology 163
9.3 Conclusion 164
References 165
About the Authors 167
Index 169